Lady Macbeth Is Responsible for the Fall of Macbeth

Woman Macbeth is answerable for the fall of her better half It can be said that Lady Macbeth is liable for the fall of Macbeth. I accept that she was somewhat answerable for this. I accept that two arrangements of individuals are liable for the fall of Macbeth.. Besides I accept that Lady Macbeth is liable for his fall. She encourages him to murder Duncan scrutinizing his masculine hood and saying that he was excessively kind. At long last I accept that the witches had a gigantic influence in the fall of Macbeth. The witches put the idea of being lord into Macbeth’s head in the first place.They likewise persuaded him that he was strong and this caused his definitive demise. I accept that Lady Macbeth is halfway liable for the fall of Macbeth. She plans and powers Macbeth to kill beginning the chain response to his defeat. At the point when Lady Macbeth read the letter that Macbeth sent her about his experience with the witches she promptly begins arranging Duncan’s murd er. â€Å"The raven himself is rough That croaks the deadly passageway of Duncan Under my battlements† Lady Macbeth designs the entire homicide and if Duncan had not seemed as though her dad she would have done it without anyone else's help. Had he not looked like My dad as he rested, I had done’t† She powers Macbeth to do the homicide despite the fact that he communicates that he doesnt need to do it. â€Å"We will continue no further in this business:† â€Å"I have no spike to prick the sides of my goal, yet just vaulting aspiration ,which o’erlaps itself And falls on the other† Lady Macbeth blames Macbeth for not cherishing her and questions his masculine hood so as to control him into killing Duncan. â€Å"When you durst do it then you were a man, And to be a more to be that what you were, you would e a lot more the man† Lady Macbeth utilizes Macbeth’s absence of certainty to prevail upon him and power him to complete the ho micide. â€Å"Art thou afeard To be the equivalent in thine own demonstration and valor As thou workmanship in want? † She thinks he is too â€Å"full of the milk of kindness† to satisfy the deed. This constrained Lady Macbeth to persuade him and control him into murdering Duncan. We see Lady Macbeth change all through the play. Toward the beginning of the play she may have been the impetus to Macbeth rise and tumble from power however before the finish of the play she didn’t feature.She lost control of her brain from the blame was languishing. When Macbeth was the best the connection between the two broke down and they no longer trusted in each other. Macbeth indicated his genuine nature when he requested for all the Macduff family to be executed, youngsters what not. Woman Macbeth had nothing to do with this and in this manner can't be accused completely for Macbeth’s fall and extreme passing. Furthermore, I accept that Macbeth was here and there liable for his own ruin. He was aspiring and strived to be the king.Once he became King he strived to remain King and turned out to be exceptionally dubious and neurotic surprisingly in his nation. At long last, the witches are mostly answerable for Macbeth’s defeat. They meet Macbeth and Banquo in transit home from fight and they meet three witches. The witches reveal to Macbeth that he will become Thane of Cawdor and inevitably King of Scotland. â€Å"All hail Macbeth! Hail to thee Thane of Glamis† â€Å"All Hail Macbeth! Hail to thee Thane of Cawdor† â€Å"All Hail Macbeth! Thou shalt be above all else from now on.! †At first Macbeth doesn’t trust them however when he becomes Thane of Cawdor things begin to sound good to him. After this he begins getting deadly idea and the fall of Macbeth starts. Macbeth is driven and his character changes when he accepts he can be above all else. He loses all his respectability and respect. â€Å"Glamis and Thane o f Cawdor! The best is behind! † The witches additionally assume another job in the fall and extreme demise of Macbeth. Macbeth goes to the witches a subsequent chance to discover his future. They reveal to him the future as three apparitions.They disclose to him that he should be careful with Macduff, he can't be slaughtered by man conceived of lady and he will bite the dust when the Great Birnam Woods come to Dunsinane. â€Å"Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! be careful Macduff; Beware the thane of Fife. † â€Å"Be ridiculous, striking, and undaunted; snicker to disdain The intensity of man, for none of lady conceived Shall hurt Macbeth. † â€Å"Be lion-dissolved, pleased; and take no consideration Who scrapes, who worries, or where conspirers are: Macbeth will never vanquish'd be until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane slope Shall come against him. †He accepts each expression of the witches to be gospel and this reason his definitive demise. He is persuaded t hat he can't bite the dust that he is powerful. When Macduff goes up against Macbeth he lets him know of their prediction. Because of the prescience Macbeth accepts he is strong and this permits Macduff and his soldiers to get near Macbeth and this causes his demise toward the finish of the play. â€Å"I bear an enchanted life, which must not respect one conceived of woman† The witches controlled Macbeth into intuition he could satisfy the prescience and become King of Scotland

Essay --

A quake is a significant catastrophic event which harms a ton of life and property just as intrudes on the financial development of a specific geographic locale. It causes shaking and ground burst, avalanches, torrential slides, tidal wave, soil liquefaction, floods, fires, and so forth. Both untamed life and individuals experience immense misfortune to their life and occupation through quakes. Some deadliest tremors till the date; †¢ 1556 Shaanxi tremor: On 23rd January, 1556 at Shaanxi (China) world’s most noticeably terrible shudder took around 8 lakh lives with its 8.0Mw (Magnitude) vibration. In excess of 500 miles region harmed through it. †¢ Great Tangshan seismic tremor: On1976 July 28, China again encountered another awful cataclysmic event of 7.7Mw shake which wrecked a great deal of hard earned properties and around 7 lakh blameless lives. †¢ 2004 Indian Ocean tremor and tidal wave: It was a notable and awful incident in India and 13 different nations. Around 3 lakh individuals lost their life and the torrent brought about by this mishap was a danger to the entire world. Calamity the board and security tips for Earthquakes: The way toward managing and keeping away from the dangers or risks came about through a catastrophe is characterized as calamity the board. Fiasco the executives for seismic tremor is a proceeding with process. It begins with the notice and proceeds until the living casualties gets autonomous to carry-on their vocation. Backing from various levels like people, corporate houses (CSR), NGOs, Government catastrophe the executives cell or other charitable associations helps a great deal in remaking the general public. The vulnerability of quake and the inaccessibility of quick help structure prepared volunteers impacts a typical man to become familiar with the essential calamity the executives strate... ...nto the harmed assembling immediately after the shudder as the harmed or release portions of the cements may tumble down on you. 3. If you think your structure is sheltered after the shudder at that point check the power association just as the LPG pipe before utilizing them. Likewise the water funnels may cause mishaps. 4. Help other harmed individuals and offer food, water or emergency treatment. Ask support from others in emptying the harmed individuals or disseminating alleviation stuffs. Stress more on the newborn children, incapacitate and old people. 5. Inform the debacle the executives specialists about missing of your relative in the event that you are discovering them. Be quiet if sadly one of your relatives genuinely harmed or passed on during the accident. Following the calamity the executives and security strategies for tremors or some other basic cataclysmic events requires powerful condition asset the board arranging.

Claim of Value Essay Topics

Claim of Value Essay TopicsAfter having spent a lifetime dealing with a lot of different insurance claims over the years, I have learned that there are three main categories that claim of value essay topics fall into. These include the common claim of value for disaster and losses, which is usually property damage or personal injuries; claims of value for acts of nature and natural disasters, which include fire, flood, hurricane, earthquake, etc. ; and lastly, claims of value for policyholder fraud.Fire damage insurance, theft, earthquakes, floods, and other natural disasters can leave your property damaged and even destroyed in some cases. Claims of value for these events often cover losses due to flooding and damage. These types of events can also cause physical harm to you, while you may only feel some emotional distress.You could be a victim of fraud, however. Fraud claims against the insurance companies fall into the category of a claim of value for policyholder fraud. Many of t he fraud cases you hear about involve a policyholder who has paid for their insurance and then proceeded to engage in activities that cause the claim to be denied. They may have bought an insurance policy but have not fully covered all of the policyholder's needs, so they pay for the difference out of their own pocket.While it is important to research each claim of value essay topic and consider all of the risks factors involved in that type of coverage, there are some simple steps you can take to reduce the financial impact. For example, if your house is located in a high-risk area, ask the insurance company to add your home to the policy. Not all of your coverage needs will be covered, however, so it will likely cost more than normal to add your home to the policy.Many policyholder fraud cases involve a policyholder who has access to the Internet. They could make use of this outlet to write their own policyholder fraud claims for the same things they have been charged for when the y had them covered through the provider. Always read the fine print when you buy insurance coverage and get a professional estimate from a local attorney to help you understand what your policy will include in its coverage.One of the best ways to avoid policyholder fraud claims is to ensure that the person selling you the policy understands the laws that govern insurance and acts in accordance with those laws. Since many policyholder fraud cases involve state-level fraud laws, it is imperative that you know your state laws and follow them.Policyholder fraud cases are actually fairly rare, but some of the cases may be politically motivated, which means that they are done to gain some type of political favor or result. It is important that you realize that fraud claims are a reality, but by doing your homework, you will find a better policy that is both cost effective and protects you in all areas.Claims of value for personal injury or property damage cover the costs of repairing or r eplacing your property following an accident or natural disaster. Depending on the type of insurance coverage you purchase, you may be able to obtain any of several forms of payout including: lost wages, hospitalization expenses, and permanent or temporary disability. It is always a good idea to talk to a lawyer to find out what your legal rights are in this case.

Discussion On Game Theory Of Economics And Morality - 1650 Words

Discussion On Game Theory Of Economics And Morality (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstructorCourseDateGame Theory and MoralityIntroductionGame theory is a term used in economics to describe the analysis of strategies used to deal with situations that are competitive, whereby the result of a contestants choice is solely dependent on the actions taken by the other contestants. Simply, game theory could be defined as analyzing the decision-making of a number of individuals who must make choices that end up affecting the interests of other involved parties. The players in such a game have to carefully decide on strategies to use simultaneously. Thus, the game theory is used to analyze and comprehend strategic situations, and the theoretical concepts of the game are only applicable if the actions of the participants are interdependent (Kim 1-3). On the other hand, morality, according to Hardin, refers to the standards distinguishing between right or wrong (Hardin 3). It could al so be referred to as ethics, which are values observed by a specific community on acceptable behavior. In the eyes of Charles Darwin, morality was a creation by human beings to curtail selfish practices that had naturally developed as adaptations (Katz 1).In mathematics, game theory is used to establish a relationship between reasoning and morality (Harsanyi n.pg). The two concepts are conflicting since rationality advocates for decisions that are beneficial to an individual, whereas morality emphasizes that an individual makes decisions with the interests of others at heart. In spite of the existing conflict between the two terminologies, the game theory advances ways in which they can be combined. It is expected that unlike animals, human beings, in their quest to access goods, will make sober decisions, think consciously and eventually enter a mutual agreement that will make them better placed to access items they need for survival. Thus, it is an assumption that human beings adopt internal ethical values, which work for the well-being of the community. However, this is not always the case. In fact, in real life situations, individuals analyze each others likely choices of strategy and even manipulate each other in making unbeneficial choices for personal gains.Morality in Game Theory StrategiesAccording to Binmore, the most commonly used illustration of game theory is the dilemma game. A good example of such dilemma is where two prisoners are locked up in separate cells and each is offered a chance to admit having committed a crime. If none of the suspects admits to the crime, they are set free and each get half the years they deserve to be in prison. In the case that one prisoner accepts to take the blame and one declines, the one that confesses is set free in exchange for testifying against the other one who ends up getting the full 10 years sentence. If both prisoners are to a dmit to the crimes then they are both found guilty and sentenced to a reduced term (Binmore 29).The dilemma game is a good representation of the interplay between morality and the strategies that one chooses in game theory. The two prisoners are given an opportunity to do the right thing or be selfish. The choices they make here are likely to affect their future interaction with each other and it is important they respond rationally to the opportunity. Though the choice of confessing easily presents itself to the prisoners, there is no guarantee that both prisoners will choose to confess. In the prisoners dilemma analyzed here, the participants are faced with choices that are meant to assist them learn the virtue of cooperation. Consequences for making the wrong choice are set to discourage either party from defection. However, the concept of morality being emphasized here is not clear. For example, if one of the prisoners was to disho nor the agreement and the other does not find out, the game theory in a way encourages him to get away with it. Another example is if one was to collect a wallet with no detection, the game theory would suggest the moral thing to do is keep it. This clearly indicates that it is possible to incorporate moral values in to the game theory, but the applicability varies depending on the theoretical analysis of the situation (Kim 8).Again, the moral concept is not enforceable as it is solely dependent on the choices that each of the participants makes. For instance, a company may choose to produce high quality products while other competing companies, with the same product, choose to produce low standard products. The moral value here is not necessarily enforced by the game theory. In such a case, it could be the companys strategy to dominate the market by keeping its customers happy.Morality depends solely on the nature and good will of an individual (MeÃŒ roÌ‹ n.pg.). For instance, one of the prisoners may decide to be selfish and pin the crime on the other. If it were to happen that the same situation was repeated, the other would in turn pin the crime on his counterparts, and this would be considered fair play. After subsequent experiences, the two learn the aspect of cooperation as it benefits both of them. Here, the game theory instills the principle of cooperation by ensuring that the selfish act of confessing brings about the worst results, though not entirely damaging.The game theory makes the assumption that the contestants are equally empowered such that they cannot be influenced into making choices they would have rather not made. The aspect of morality is compromised if the other player is not able to stand up to the threat as they become vulnerable. In case of such cases, where one side is empowered than the other, the situation changes and the less powerful player is forced to submit or defect. The sense of morality attributed to the game theory i n such a situation is that the dominating party is obligated to take advantage of the other as long as it is beneficial (Harsanyi n.pg.). Therefore, the concept of morality in the game theory has to do with making choices that will maximize the overall outcome for all players and not necessarily for a single individual.Incorporation of Moral Principles into the Game TheoryMoral principles refer to acceptable acts of conduct in a certain community. In the game theory, morality is imposed by a system of reward and consequences that are witnessed when an individual makes a choice in a given situation (Katz 3). Morality according to Darwin is the result of adaptation of human beings to the environment. Thus, human beings in competition for natural resources are forced to come up with rules to control the access of natural resources (3-5).There are limits to the scope in which the consequences of an action are calculated, meaning that not all outcomes can be calculated (Harding 5). Henc e, it is a great challenge to predict actions of people with different capacities because they are likely to deliver contradicting results and passing judgment will only be based on the participants level of intelligence rather than moral weakness or strength. However, there are limitations to an individuals capability to make decisions on what is good for another person, and this can only be determined by the participants themselves. Again, there are limitations that are brought about by our reasoning and the actions we take. Outcomes depend on the actions of others in order to manifest, thus morality comes in because it is all about how our actions affect other people.When it comes to life, the game theory provides a strategy in which an individual can maximize the fulfillment of needs in some situations. The concept of morality is lost in game theory where it is assumed that when it is possible for an entity to be successful by doing harm to another, then such an entity would act ually under obligation to do exactly that. Though other arguments advance that these situations are not in existence, what is clearly illustrated is that if such a scenario was to be witnessed, the dominating agent should inflict as much damage as possible. Moreover, even though a sense of morality is encouraged in the game theory, there is emphasis on choices that would generate maximum outcomes to benefit more people (Harsanyi n.pg.). The aspect of moral attributes has not been clearly identified, in that, the choice between what is good or bad is bound to change depending on the number of people the result will affect and depending on whether there was detection when an individual was making a decision (Hardin 9-11). Moral principles can be integrated in to the game theory and even enforced as long...

The Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway - 1159 Words

The sun also rises is a book that takes a very peculiar view on gender roles in the society. It takes place right after World War I, in a time where all the veterans of the war come back to the real world and figure out that they have lost all masculinity and become very insecure. One of the main characters of the book has relationship problems due to a war wound and the woman he loves actually ends up being the most masculine person in the novel. Although Ernest Hemingway presents Brett as a very independent, masculine, and selfish woman, there are some indirect notions throughout the book that the reader picks up on that shows her as a character that really does have feelings for Jake but she is too full of herself to show them. The novel’s repetitiveness of going to bars, drinking and dancing every single night, reveals the meaningless lives they all seem to live. Since the book takes place right after World War I most of the characters seem to either be a veteran or has ha d something to do with the war. There truly was no masculinity involved in this war. There was a view from the people not involved in the war that the war consisted of these courageous, strong, fearless, heroic, highly trained soldiers. That isn’t necessarily true because most of the British soldiers that were in the war started as volunteers. FIND BOOK QUOTE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! The war consisted of soldiers huddled together hoping they wouldn’t die while the enemy attacked their hideouts. The war wasShow MoreRelatedThe Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway1649 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sun Also Rises Ernest Hemingway Introduction Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises is a classic work of American prose, and is essential to understanding the social climate of the 1920’s, and the â€Å"Lost Generation†. 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Ernest Hemingway is able to keep the readers engaged throughout this novel by incorporatingRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway1918 Words   |  8 PagesZach Ullom Eng-125F-SO2 Dr. Les Hunter December 3, 2015 Brett Ashley: Whore or Heroine in The Sun Also Rises After a thorough reading and in-depth analyzation of Ernest Hemingway’s riveting novel The Sun Also Rises, the character of Brett Ashley may be seen in a number of different ways. While some critics such as Mimi Reisel Gladstein view Brett as a Circe or bitch-goddess, others such as Carol H. Smith see Brett as a woman who has been emotionally broken by the world around her. I tend lean towardsRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway1245 Words   |  5 PagesThe writer of The Sun Also Rises, Ernest Hemingway was a short story writer, journalist, and an American novelist. He produced most of his work between the nineteen twenties and nineteen fifties. One of Hemingway’s many novels, The Sun Also Rises was originally published on October 22, 1926. In the novel, The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway uses the lead female character, Lady Brett Ashley to portray the new age of women in that time period. In the beginning of the novel when Brett is introduced, sheRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises, Ernest Hemingway1101 Words   |  4 PagesIn most cases all anyone needs in life is love. But what is love? In The sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway we get the sad truth about what love sometimes is in the real world and in some cases alike this novel, there are many reasons in which love is lost. One of the reasons for lost love is sex. Unfortunately the sexual drive of other characters in the novel dictates whether they love each other or not. Another factor that plays a huge role of leaving love hopeless is alcohol. In this novel

Essay on U.S. Foreign Policy and Latin America - 1138 Words

During the Cold War, the US invaded Latin America, Asia, and partly Europe. They used sneaky methods and propaganda to achieve their goals. At this time, in the Cold War, they were very devious and tactical in their mission. The US foreign Policy at that time was all about defeating Communism and keeping the balance of power in it’s favor but most importantly, for US’s own economic interest. Generally, the US foreign policy concerning Latin America was of course for the US own benefit. If the person in power was trying to nationalize their countrys economy, the US accused them of communism and proceeded to push them out, unofficially, under the pretext of national security. In Guatemala, United Fruit was the main corporation that†¦show more content†¦This was the face of US foreign policy in Guatemala. Chile’s economy was effectively owned by US corporation’s, and these corporation’s controlled the countrys resources. When Allende nationalized copper the two main American corporation were financially hurt severely and lost a lot of profit. This concerned the US and Nixon worried that Chile was falling under soviet control and communism. One of Nixon’s fears was that the Soviets would have total control in Americas backyard. However, the major reason that the US instigated the overthrow was because the corporations did not want Chile to take over their own resources and use them for their own benefit. The corporations were able to exercise leverage over Allende because Chile was in the middle of an economic depression and Chile was receiving loans from American banks. Once Allende was in power these loans were stopped by US foreign policy and of course Chile suffered economically . At this point, Pinochet was put into power . This is a perfect example of how the US foreign policy replaced genuine democracy with dictatorship for their own benefit, and again, supposedly in the name of National Security. Latin America was a victim of US foreign policy and corporate greed. US foreign policy in Europe was to dominate, exploit, and to eradicate Communism. This was to continue US hegemony and to keep the balance of power in their favor.Show MoreRelatedUS Foreign Policy During the 20th Century797 Words   |  4 PagesOver the course of the history of the United States, specific foreign policies have affected the methods in which the U.S. involves itself around the globe. Specifically, certain policies have affected U.S. involvement in Latin America. It is the intention of this essay to explain the United States foreign policy behind specific doctrines. In order to realize current objectives, this paper will proceed as follows: Part 1 will define the Monroe Doctrine, Sections 2, 3, 4, and 5 will concurrentlyRead MoreFour approaches to the political economy development of Latin America1734 Words   |  7 PagesThe study of development in Latin America has been approached from a variety of academic disciplines. International Political Economy scholars have provided a number of different approaches for studying, analyzing and understanding the political and institutional constrains that have shaped the development of Latin American countries. They have also incorporated into the analysis variables such as the influence of international organizations and the economic and class history, and its relation withRead MorePresident Franklin Roosevelt And The United States1699 Words   |  7 PagesDuring a 1928 goodwill speech in Latin Ame rica, President Herbert Hoover said, â€Å"We have a desire to maintain not only the cordial relations of governments with each other, but also the relations of good neighbors† (United States History). Hence, the Good Neighbor phrase was coined as the Coolidge Administration was criticized for armed intervention in Latin America. The Hoover Administration’s policies were created to strengthen relations with Latin America; for instance the retraction of the TheodoreRead MoreThe Policies Of The United States During The Period912 Words   |  4 PagesThe policies of the United States during the period 1898-1936 regarding latin america can be broadly covered in phases; the first phase: Big Stick Diplomacy 1898- 1909, the second phase known as Dollar Diplomacy from 1909- 1913, the third phase called missionary diplomacy from 1913- 1921 and finally the fourth phase known and the good neighbor policy 1933- 1936. These four policies had a great impact on not only the landscap e of latin america but on the future of the United States in the region.Read MoreImperialism DBQ Essay examples636 Words   |  3 PagesA.P. U.S. II DBQ What role did Imperialism play in shaping U.S. foreign policy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? Prior to the late 19th century, the United States was preoccupied with domestic affairs and simply used the Monroe Doctrine as their lone foreign policy. By the late 19th century, however, domestic concerns suppressed just enough to let foreign issues take the spotlight. The Industrial Revolution brought mass production, which forced the United States to seek a new global marketRead MoreThe Political Affairs Of Latin America925 Words   |  4 PagesUnited-States has always had a major impacting role in the political affairs of Latin America. Since the dawn of the Monroe Doctrine of 1823, the U.S. has taken a firm and direct stance when dealing with the continent to ensure that its [United States] interests are always upheld. This being said, the U.S. uses formal and informal manipulation and intervention to ensure that Latin American governments are compatible with U.S. interests. 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For the most part, America was minding its own business until Imperialism started booming in the late 1800’s. Latin Ameri ca was less developed and America saw South and Central America as perfect candidates to extract resources and sell U.S. goods. TheRead MoreThe Economic And Social Standing Of Their Country On The Neocolonial Practise863 Words   |  4 Pagesneocolonial practise, and pursued unpopular policies with the elite and foreign companies by pursuing nationalization of foreign owned business, agrarian reform, and to increase political participation (McSherry 2005, 5-7). Fearing the nationalization of U.S. owned industries and the spread of leftist regimes, the United States established operation Condor, which was a joint military effort across military states that sought to eliminate opposition to U.S. friendly regimes. The program was sponsoredRead MoreEssay The Good Neighbor Policy1074 Words   |  5 Pages The Good Neighbor Policy during the 1930’s and 1940’s was a policy of non-intervention between the United States and Latin America. This was the United States’ a ttempt to regain trust and economic relations with Latin America. The Good Neighbor Policy had good intentions of no longer intervening with Latin American policies and governments. During the 1930’s, the Great Depression effected the U.S. and Latin American nations. After the stock market crash the U.S. went through an economic depression

Urbanism Essay Example For Students

Urbanism Essay Pieces to the Puzzle: How the Castillo and Mother Church Work UrbanisticallyPieces to the Puzzle: How the Castillo and Mother Church Work UrbanisticallyThe role of the city is to be the center of economic, political, and cultural movement. Cities have a dense population compared to the area, so careful planning must go into its development. In the U.S. alone, 55% of the population lives in cities with more than 1,000,000 people, 78% in cities with more than 100,000, and less that 3% live in agricultural areas (Angotti, Tomas. 1993). Since it is so crucial for a city with countless numbers of inhabitants to work properly, there has to be certain building types to facilitate the lives of the people. One of the most important building types is the temple. Temples through out time usually work very similarly urbanistically in the sense that they are centers of religious practice and located in key areas. A temple is a symbol of the culture; it represents the peoples beliefs and how devot ed they are to them. Temples have usually been elaborate and large scale; examples of this include the Temple of Kukulkan in Chichen Itza, Mexico, and the Mother Church in Boston, Massachusetts. The Temple of Kukulkan and the Mother Church in Boston are strikingly similar in many ways, including architecturally and how they are used by the people of the city. Chichen Itza was once one of the most powerful kingdoms of pre-Columbian America. In the time between the end of the Classic and beginning of Post-Classic period of Mayan history, around 800c.e. to 1100c.e, it was an important city for local politics, religion, and trade and was crucial to the Mesoamerican social structure. Since this city was so constantly populated, it had to be intricately designed. In order for this complex city to work, careful planning and organization had to go into the urban development in order to make this culturally diverse society. The history of Chichen Itza is quite unique when compared to other M ayan cities. Its architectural influences come from two different sources. Chichen Itza began in the Middle to Late Classic period when some of its Puuc and early Maya structures were built. The Puuc architectural style came from the hilly region west of Chichen Itza, and consisted of buildings with different proportions and construction than the future buildings in the north of Chichen Itza. Puuc buildings have rubble-filled concrete walls faced by a thin veneer of dressed stone. The exterior walls have plain lower facades supporting upper facades decorated with religious masks and geometric designs. Constructed of individually carved pieces fitted together to form a design, Puuc sculpture resembles a mosaic. The low relief stone and wood sculptured door lintels and columns resemble human figures. While older structures of southern Chichen Itza were of Puuc influence, the later built buildings of the north were of Toltec planning. Toltec elements at Chichen Itza include stepped-pyr amid temples, long colonnades, atlantean figures used as structural supports, low detached platforms faced with carved panels, and doorways formed by twin descending feathered serpent columns. (Kowalski, Jeff Karl. 1999). The result of the Toltec influence from central Mexico created architectural hybrid, known as Toltec-Maya architecture, that gave Chichen Itza a very unique distinction from other Maya ruins. This architectural convergence was a result of a Toltec invasion of the Maya in the 9th century. The Toltec were violent warriors who came from the high lands of central Mexico and invaded the Yucatan peninsula. While the Toltec were a notoriously violent tribe, they conquered Chichen Itza, but did not kill the survivors of the siege. This led to a cultural combination with unique qualities in art, architecture, and religion. The Toltec brought with them agricultural and astronomical knowledge, ball courts, artistic and architectural influences, and the worship of their feathered-serpent god Kukulkan, which was known as Quetzalcoatl before the invasion. The cult of Kukulkan introduced human sacrifice to the Maya and their strong faith led to the massive temple of Kukulkan, also known as el Castillo, or the Castle. 1Chichen Itza is not a very large city compared to other capitals. With dimensions of 6.5 by 3.2 km, the area was used more as a sacred ground than as a commercial or residential area. Early settlers arrived to Chichen Itza probably attracted by the two dozen deep, natural wells called cenotes. One of these cenotes came to be known as the sacred cenote as sacrificial human remains as well as religious offerings have been found. The use of the sacred cenote was purely religious as water could be taken from any of the other cenotes in the area. The city itself was contained behind a high wall with an irregular polygonal shape with entrances at the four cardinal directions, north, south, east, and west. The buildings were widely spread along a consistent 17 east of north, common in many Mexican sites. The openness inside the city walls placed much emphasis on the connection between man and the sky, as opposed to the worshipping the earth as other religious complexes. A new concept in re ligion replaced the earth gods with celestial worship of the sun, moon, and stars; consequently buildings and courts are open to the heavens for more effective mass communication between the gods and men. (Weaver, Muriel Porter. 1981)The main temple of Chichen Itza is the Castillo, dedicated to the god Kukulkan. The temple is located in the center of a large clearing in northern, or Toltec, Chichen Itza. The pyramid was built on top of an older pyramid, very similar in design. It was built with nine stages and a single staircase, and has a profile resembling that of Puuc structures and a temple with twin chambers on top. The temple is decorated in relief with a procession of jaguars prowling beneath a row of shields. Inside the temple, two famous artifacts were discovered; one being the Red Throne Jaguar and the other a sacrificial Chac-Mool figure. The jaguar is carved out of stone with a flat back to serve as a seat or place of offerings, painted bright red with 73 jade disks maki ng a spotted pattern, jade eyes, and fangs made of sea shells and was probably the throne of the high priest. The Chac-Mool is found in many places in Chichen Itza, but it is not certain what their purpose was, though it is believed to be used as a place for sacrifices or offerings to the gods. The inner structure of the temple of Kukulkan was probably one of the earliest erected by the Toltec in the Yucatan Peninsula. It is an excellent example of the religious custom of superposing one monument above the previous one at the end of a cycle of 52 years. (Weaver, Muriel Porter. 1981) . 2A new temple was built right over the old one. This magnificent temple was built to show the adoration of Kukulkan and it showed off the religious and political power of Chichen Itza. It reached towards the sky, it was a landmark clearly visible from anywhere through the thick jungle of Yucatan. The new pyramids square base measure 55.5 meters on each side and rises 24 meters high. There are nine different levels each with sloping walls whose facades are decorated with a rectangle motif. Each side has massive adorned monumental stairs. The principal stairway facing the north is decorated with the feathered serpent god Kukulkan on each side of the stair with huge snake-heads reaching the ground. There are 91 steps on each stair, and the four stairs add up to 364 steps. Counting the step leading to the temple there are 365 steps, the same amount of days in a solar year. According to Arqueologia Mexicana, a Mexican archeology magazine, the problem when the number of steps caused such d ebate about counting the step to the temple as a calendrical symbol and in actuality some investigators have suggested that the coincidences are owed more to the hand of the restorer than the intention of the Maya builder. (Castillo, Agustin Pena. 1998)The entrance to the sanctuary faces north and has a portico divided into three doors by two columns carved to look like plumed snakes, the symbol of Kukulkan. The head served as the base, the body as the shaft, and the tail as the capital. Inside the temple there are corbelled vaults sculptured with richly dressed warrior figures. The portico gives access to a narrow gallery that surrounds the temple with doorways facing the other three stairways. The facade is adorned with a mask of the rain god Chac above the doorway and a plain frieze with square triglyphs and metopes. The architrave and cornice are both simple and geometrically decorative. (Castillo, Agustin Pena. 1998). Electronic Arts Strategic Management Essay6The construction of the Christian Science Center was part of Bostons urban renewal process. Massachusetts Avenue is a street situated in the heart of the city, and is an active commercial center. One would think it is impossible to have an open space on Mass. Ave, but The most monumental public space in Boston has been created in the Christian Science complex (Southworth, Michael and Susan. 1992). The complex has created an enormous open space right in the center of Boston, creating a pleasant scenario and making it more easy to admire the great buildings, in particularly the Mother Church. There are fountains and a beautiful reflection pool, which make the area cooler in the summer and more pleasant to the eye, as well as being used as a symbol of rejuvenation. It is definitely a refuge from the street, says architect Ann Beha, who was in charge of designing the Mary Baker Eddy Library for the Betterment of Humanity (Hildner, Jeffrey. 200 2). 7The Christian Science Center Plaza has many uses. The church is used for weekly services and it is open for visits every day. It also hosts the June Annual Meeting, where members from 134 countries come to the church to unite in prayer (Anonymous. Architecture- The Mother Church Extension). Other buildings of the complex are also important. There is a Mapparium where people can walk through observe a 3 story stained glass globe showing all of the countries of the world and how ideas have been spread. The Christian Science Center is a very important area of Boston. It is a religious sanctuary, a center of learning (religious, social, and geographical), and an open plaza for people to enjoy. There are many similarities in how the Castillo in Chichen Itza and The Mother Church in the Christian Science World Headquarters work urbanistically. They are both massive structures, built over pre-existent and small temples, designed to bring pride to the followers of that faith. They show the power of the religion and preserves its status in its magnificent architecture. They were also both set in an open area, to allow for mass gatherings and to show its true size without any obstructions. Mass pilgrimages to Chichen Itza took place to see the coming of Kukulkan, just as people all over the world come to the Mother Church in June for the annual meeting. They were both near trade sites, but yet totally isolated from the city. They were both part of a complex which spread truth and knowledge, with schools and observatories such as the Caracol and the Mapparium. They both used water as a sacred symbol, Chichen Itza having sacred cenotes, and the Christian Science Center with its lo ng reflecting pool and fountains. While these two temples are enormous and just as important as they are large, their use is optimized by the complex they are found in which allows them to be fully used by the city and surrounding area, and even the world. These two buildings were built in order to facilitate as well as enhance the visual surroundings and to show a sign of faith. They are pieces of the urbanistic puzzle that the city would be complete without. BibliographyAngotti, Tomas. Metropolis 2000. Routledge. New York, NY. 1993Anonymous. Architecture- The Mother Church Visitor Information Pamphlet. Anonymous, The First Church of Christ, Scientist. Visitor Information PamphletAnonymous. Architecture- The Mother Church Extension. Visitor Information PamphletCano, Olga. Guia de Viajeros: Chichen Itza, Yucatan. Arqueologia Mexicana Jan-Feb 2002: 80-87Castillo, Agustin Pena. El Castillo de Chichen Itza. Arqueologia Mexicana March-April 1998: 38-41Helefritz, Hans. Mexican Cities of the Gods. Frederick A Praeger, Publishers. New York, NY. 1968Hildner, Jeffrey. A Design Tradition of Simplicity and Excellence. Christian Science Journal Sept. 2002: 29-31Kowalski, Jeff Karl. Mesoamerican Architecture as a Cultural Symbol. Oxford University Press, inc. New York, NY. 1999Southworth, Michael and Susan. American Institute of Architecture Guide to Boston. The Globe Pequot Press. Guilford, CT. 1992Weaver, Muriel Porter. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 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